In their publications and speeches, the statesmen in the RSM call Efrem Chuchkov a "great Macedonian", a "Macedonian national hero" and a "colossus and martyr of the struggle of the Macedonian people for national liberation". This is a frank provocation and a slur on his name, which is shameful and disgraceful for Bulgaria.
Efrem Chuchkov has always declared himself a Bulgarian from Macedonia, fought for the Bulgarian cause and gave his life for the freedom of Macedonia and its unification with Bulgaria, points out Yavor Chuchkov on the Eurochicago.com website.
Efrem Chuchkov (1870-1923)
Journalist Kostadin Filipov talks about the life and revolutionary work of Efrem Chuchkov, about his 155th anniversary, about the falsifications surrounding his name and work in Skopje, about his joint activities with other great names of the liberation movement of Bulgarians in Macedonia with his grandson Yavor Chuchkov
Source: bulletin “Bulgarians in the Balkans and Around the World“, 2025, issue 7
Macedonian Scientific Institute
Yavor Chuchkov. Source: Literaturnsviat.com
Yavor Chuchkov is a Bulgarian public figure. He graduated in English Philology. In the 1980s, he worked at the Research Institute of General Education and at the Union of Bulgarian Writers. After 1991, he worked at the Ministry of Culture (head of the international activities of the ministry), in the team of the Vice President of Bulgaria Blaga Dimitrova and at the Red Cross. He completed a qualification course in journalism at the BBC, London. He was the chairman of the Union of Journalists in Bulgaria “Podkrepa“ (1994-1996), a regular member of the International Federation of Journalists (IFJ). After specializing in international humanitarian law abroad, he was a long-time lecturer in international humanitarian law. Under his editorship and compilation, a number of collections and manuals in this field have been published (including for the officers of the Bulgarian Army). He was a long-time member of the European Expert Group for Legal Assistance (on humanitarian law issues) at the International Red Cross Movement. He is a distinguished figure of the Bulgarian Red Cross. He is also a recipient of honorary awards of the International Red Cross.
– Mr. Chuchkov, this year marks the 155th anniversary of the birth of your great-grandfather, one of the notable leaders and voivodes of VMORO/IMRO Efrem Chuchkov. Could you recall some of the main moments of his life and work?
– Efrem Chuchkov was born on November 21, 1870 in Shtip. As you mentioned, he was one of the prominent leaders of VMORO/IMRO, occupying a leading position in its hierarchy until his death in 1923. For a certain period, he was also No. 1 in rank - to be precise, from 1907 after the death of his close comrade Dame Gruev, until the Balkan War, during which Todor Alexandrov and Chuchkov effectively turned the VMORO formations into an auxiliary unit of the Bulgarian Army. After World War I, as the second authoritative figure in the VMRO after its leader Todor Alexandrov, he was among the most active figures who restored the Organization. The authorities in the Republic of North Macedonia publish books about Chuchkov, make and broadcast films about him and his interaction with comrades, without ever indicating the Bulgarian affiliation of VMORO/IMRO and that he was a Bulgarian revolutionary and voivode, a Bulgarian patriot, including a Bulgarian teacher, and during the wars for national unification - a Bulgarian district governor in Macedonia.
In our western neighbor, Efrem Chuchkov is, for example, one of the main characters, along with Gotse Delchev and Dame Gruev, in the anti-Bulgarian opera “Ilinden“ by the composer and co-author of the libretto Kiril Makedonski. In their publications and speeches, the statesmen in the RSM call Efrem Chuchkov “a great Macedonian“, “ a Macedonian national hero“ and “a colossus and martyr of the struggle of the Macedonian people for national liberation“. This is a frank provocation and a slur on his name, which is shameful and disgraceful for Bulgaria. He has always declared himself a Bulgarian from Macedonia, fought for the Bulgarian cause and gave his life for the freedom of Macedonia and its unification with Bulgaria. Voivode Efrem Chuchkov, who fought countless battles against the Turkish enslavers and later - against the Serbian occupiers, is immortalized in some of the folk songs of the Macedonian Bulgarians.
At certain periods he was also a teacher of Bulgarian language, literature and history, although often under a false name (e.g. Simeon Mihaylov), and in parallel with his teaching he carried out active revolutionary organizational activities. During the Balkan War and the Inter-Allied War, he liberated Kochani, Štip and the Štip region with his detachment in October 1912, defeating the Turks in a series of battles (including the Battle of Sultan Tepe), capturing hundreds of Turkish soldiers and establishing an improvised form of Bulgarian power there. He was the Bulgarian governor of Štip and the Štip district (until June 25, 1913). He also held this position during the First World War after the defeat of Serbia and the temporary liberation of Vardar Macedonia. In addition to the Skopje district governor and the Shtip district governor, Efrem Chuchkov was also the governor in the Maleshevo, Kochani, Tsarevosel (today's town of Delchevo), Kratovo, Melnik, Nevrokop, Strumica, Svetinikol, etc.
– With this rich revolutionary activity, how did the Turkish authorities view him? Did he inspire fear, respect or esteem?
– The Turkish authorities declared Efrem Chuchkov the most feared Bulgarian commander. Sometimes horse and gendarmerie camps surrounded entire cities (including Shtip) and villages in Macedonia in order to capture or kill him and his chetniks. Some officers from the then Turkish military intelligence described him as “one of the greatest enemies of the Empire”.
One of these officers – Galib Vardar, wrote the following in his memoirs: “One name at that time made us all lose both our minds and our words out of fear. This name was Efrem Chuchkov – the most wanted Bulgarian commie in Macedonia by our police and army. We called him Efrem FIRE.“ And the local population called him “the elusive and elusive uncle Efrem“.
His contemporary Hristo Popkotsev wrote about him: “He wandered through the villages and palanquins of his kingdom, sometimes with a squad, sometimes without a squad, sometimes disguised as a beggar or a kyumurdzhi, sometimes as a teacher under the foreign name Simeon, sometimes as a peasant and sniffed out by the Turks, always in time and skillfully managing to slip out of their hands…“. And he adds (having in mind the period 1912-1913): “Thanks to him, Shtip remained Bulgarian for a whole year!“.
– Can you tell us about an episode in your grandfather's life that is characteristic of him?
– I will tell you about an important episode of his activity, which was also written about by Prof. Dimitar Gotsev and Prof. Todor Petrov. In the summer of 1908, as the head of the Skopje Revolutionary District, a member of the Central Committee of the Organization and the de facto head of the VMORO, Efrem Chuchkov managed to save most of the Organization's weapons and organize their hiding.
After the Young Turk Coup (1908) and the Young Turks' promises of reforms in the Ottoman Empire during the Hurriyet, Yane Sandanski, who had become close to the new government in Constantinople, and his radical-reformist faction tried to influence the Organization's troops to believe the Young Turks and hand over their weapons to them.
However, Efrem Chuchkov called the promises in question “a farce aimed at keeping Macedonia under Turkish slavery“ and succeeded, supported by Todor Aleksandrov, in getting the Chetniks from the Skopje and Bitola revolutionary districts and partly from the Strumica district not to surrender their weapons and to hide them in special warehouses and in their homes, so that they could continue the fight against the enslaver. On July 27, 1908, Efrem Chuchkov with his detachment entered Shtip “legally“ and on horseback, greeted enthusiastically by the entire population of the city. The festively dressed citizens filled the streets early and with shouts of “Hurray!“ and “Long live freedom!” showered the legendary voivode and his chetniks with flowers, even trying to kiss his hands.
Although the Young Turk authorities did everything possible to commemorate the event with celebrations and banquets, and even built a festively decorated triumphal arch for Chuchkov's entry into Shtip, he continued to treat the "democratization" of the Ottoman Empire with complete distrust and managed, through a special decision and a regional message from the Central Committee, to prohibit and prevent the dissolution of most of the Organization's chetniks. Chuchkov's suspicions and expectations that the promises of the Young Turk regime to grant autonomy and rights to the Bulgarian population of Macedonia would turn out to be a fraud were fully justified. Less than a year after the "reforms", the ruling Young Turks resumed terror against the Bulgarians in Macedonia and the commission of mass arrests and murders. The "moderate-conservative" core of the Organization, headed by Efrem Chuchkov (and later by his younger fellow citizen and comrade Todor Aleksandrov), restored the illegal network of the VMORO and renewed the armed struggle.
– Did Efrem Chuchkov participate in the restoration of the Organization after the First World War?
– Yes, later, after another crushing national catastrophe as a result of the First World War, Todor Alexandrov and Efrem Chuchkov led the restoration of the Organization, which, after the ethnic cleansing of Edirne Thrace, now bears the name Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO). Although his youth had passed, Chuchkov refused offers in Sofia from the Minister of Internal Affairs Alexander Dimitrov for a clerical position in the State Commission for Refugees and continued the path of illegal struggle in the mountains of the re-occupied Vardar Macedonia, which had become Southern Serbia.
Along with his tours to strengthen the illegal network in occupied Macedonia, in the period 1919-1923 Efrem Chuchkov once again acted at the border posts (mainly in the main distribution center - Kyustendil) as a coordinator, organizer and instructor of the detachments entering Macedonia from Bulgaria. In parallel with his revolutionary activities in Macedonia, he was also chairman of the Committee for Assistance to Refugees in Kyustendil. His combat actions against numerous units of the regular Serbian army, however, were inevitably doomed. Ultimately, his detachment was defeated after a series of unequal battles (in 1922 alone, he fought seven battles with Serbian military units in the Maleshevo and Kochani regions). Seriously ill as a result of the wounds he received and the hardships of life underground, Efrem Chuchkov died in the Red Cross hospital in Sofia on October 1, 1923. Being a practical revolutionary, dedicated to clandestine activity and known for his proverbial modesty, Efrem Chuchkov shied away from politics, parties, "partisan" struggles and "the spotlight".
In their memoirs, his contemporaries called him a "colossus of the revolutionary cause", "legendary commander and apostle of the liberation struggles of the Macedonian Bulgarians", "unwavering defender of the founding principles of the Organization, who kept his name untarnished", "organizer of combat activity and instructor of the detachments", "the most active worker of the Organization". A Bulgarian martyr who dedicated over 30 years of his 52-year life to the holy cause of the liberation of Macedonia and its unification with Bulgaria.
– There is a famous photograph in which Efrem Chuchkov is together with Gotse Delchev. Delchev did not like to be photographed, but here is the photograph. Could you tell us more about this photograph and in general, about the joint organizational work and revolutionary work of Delchev with Chuchkov?
– That's right, Gotse Delchev and Efrem Chuchkov refused to make a fuss about their names for security reasons. After all, they agreed to have their photograph taken together with Kliment Shapkarev in Sofia in the photography studio of a good acquaintance of theirs - Alexander Vladikov, a native of Kukušan and an activist of the Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Committee. His studio was then located in a one-story house on 4 Vitosha Blvd., on the corner of Positano Blvd.
Most chroniclers incorrectly date this historical photo to 1902, but it is from 1901. As many have written, Efrem Chuchkov was Gotse Delchev's closest friend and comrade. In 1894, one month before their fellow graduates graduated, the two were expelled together from the Military School in Sofia (today's Military Academy) for socialist beliefs. Yordan Badev reports that the cadets at the Military School Gotse Delchev, Efrem Chuchkov, Boris Sarafov and Boris Drangov organized in 1893. there a secret circle, composed of Macedonian Bulgarians, to propagate among the cadets the liberation of Macedonia and its unification with Bulgaria.
In 1894, Delchev and Chuchkov became Bulgarian teachers in Shtip, where they created the first actively operating revolutionary committee of the Internal Macedonian-Adriatic Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), together with Dame Gruev, Todor Lazarov and Mishe Razvigorov. The Shtip Committee was the basis of the actual illegal network of the Bulgarian national liberation movement in Macedonia. Under the leadership of Gotse Delchev, Dame Gruev and Efrem Chuchkov, the town of Shtip, called the Macedonian Bethlehem, became the largest rebel hotbed and a true revolutionary laboratory.
In the following years, Chuchkov, known as the "practitioner of the Organization" and the "right hand of Gotse Delchev", participated in the founding of numerous other illegal revolutionary committees in Macedonia, and on April 12, 1898, he led the first detachment of the Organization in his capacity as the first voivode of the Chetnik Institute of the VMORO practically created by Gotse Delchev and Chuchkov. At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, he sometimes stayed in Sofia, where (in the "Batenberg" hotel) in front of Chuchkov and his "crucifixion of a dagger and a revolver" volunteers from the territory of the Principality of Bulgaria, willing to dedicate their lives to the cause of winning the freedom of Macedonia, took the oath.
Of extremely important importance, in addition to his agitation and combat actions as a commander of a detachment in the interior of Macedonia, were the activities coordinated and carried out by Efrem Chuchkov for organizing, training, equipping, instructing and transferring to Macedonia the detachments from the various border points of the VMORO - mostly from the main distribution center of Kyustendil, but also from other points, including, for example, Ludzhene (now a district of Velingrad) and sometimes from Dupnitsa. He also managed the secret channels for supplying the detachments with weapons and military equipment from Bulgaria. This round-the-clock coordination and organizational work of Chuchkov was then directed mainly in writing by Gotse Delchev in his capacity as the (de facto) first head of the Organization and its main representative abroad in Sofia.
The biggest problem was the financial one, although Gotse made every possible effort to secure money from Sofia. It was necessary to save every penny and from the correspondence between Efrem Chuchkov and Gotse Delchev it is evident that Chuchkov, who lived in constant deprivation, kept a vigilant eye out for abuses by the Organization's activists, paying particular attention to the indiscipline and adventurism of some of the voivodes.
– Many of today's contemporary heirs of the great names and heroes of the national liberation movement of the Bulgarians in Macedonia complain of a kind of oblivion for them. Do you think your great-grandfather is among them?
– In the chaos of the 90s, when they stopped announcing the name of Efrem Chuchkov during the checks-diary for the fallen heroes of Bulgaria, my late parents asked me to do something, anything, but I still couldn't find the time. However, when in 2020. no one announced the 150th anniversary of his birth at all, I was startled and started writing letters to various state institutions asking them to contribute to bringing his name and revolutionary work out of oblivion.
Meanwhile, a group of scientists from the former Institute of Military History, constituting the Bulgarian National Commission for Military History, adopted a “Call for Paying Due National Tribute to the Hero of Bulgaria Efrem Chuchkov“, containing calls for the construction of his bust-monument in Borisova Garden, for announcing his name at the dawn checks (as it was years ago), for including information in Bulgarian history textbooks about Chuchkov's work and for implementing popularization initiatives at the all-Bulgarian level, and they sent it to the relevant state institutions.
The scientists and public figures who participated in the Solemn Scientific conference at the Central Military Club on the occasion of the 120th anniversary of the Ilinden-Preobrazhensko Uprising. The appeal was also supported by other organizations, including the Institute for Historical Research at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, the Union of Bulgarian Writers, the Union of Bulgarian Journalists, the Union of Reserve Officers and Sergeants. VMRO produced a nice printed edition about the life and work of Efrem Chuchkov.
This year, the Union of Bulgarian Writers also published a special declaration in support of the appeal of military historians.
– How will you celebrate the 155th anniversary of Efrem Chuchkov, do you have any program or are you still preparing it. This is an important anniversary, isn't it?
– I hope that in the near future I will be able to write another, more extensive book about his life and work. Hopefully, an institution or organization will emerge that will cooperate at the national level to bring the name and revolutionary work of Efrem Chuchkov out of oblivion.
FOR THE MEMORY OF THE HERO Efrem Chuchkov
November 21, 2025 marks the 155th anniversary of the birth of the hero Efrem Chuchkov (1870-1923) - one of the greatest figures of the Bulgarian national liberation movement in Macedonia. The leadership of the Union of Bulgarian Writers unconditionally supports the Appeal of scientists and public figures who participated in the solemn scientific conference on the occasion of the 120th anniversary of the Ilinden-Preobrazhensko Uprising, at which a well-deserved tribute was paid to the memory of Efrom Chuchkov. We are republishing the Appeal, reminding the state institutions in the country that it is high time that this deserving champion of the Bulgarian cause receives worthy recognition from descendants.
TO: Mr. Rumen Radev, President of the Republic of Bulgaria
The Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria
The Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
The Committee on Culture and Media of the National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria
The Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Bulgaria
The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Bulgaria
The Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Bulgaria Bulgaria
FROM: The Bulgarian National Commission for Military History, a member of the International Commission for Military History at UNESCO, and the scientists and public figures participating in the Solemn Scientific Conference on the occasion of the 120th anniversary of the Ilinden-Preobrazhensko-Krastovdensko Uprising (27.IX.2023, Sofia, Central Military Club)
Call to pay due national tribute to the hero of Bulgaria Efrem Chuchkov (21.XI.1870 – 1.X.1923)
Dear Mr. President of the Republic of Bulgaria,
Dear leaders and representatives of Bulgarian state institutions,
Born in Shtip, Efrem Chuchkov – one of the most prominent figures of the Bulgarian national liberation movement in Macedonia, is today almost forgotten in our country, unlike in the Republic of North Macedonia, where he is glorified as a “Macedonian national hero”, ”great Macedonian” and ”colossus and martyr of the struggle of the Macedonian people for national liberation”. This is an abuse of the name of one of the apostles of the Bulgarian liberation cause in Macedonia, who has always declared himself a Bulgarian, fought for the Bulgarian cause and is immortalized in some of the folk songs of the Macedonian Bulgarians. At certain periods he was also a teacher of Bulgarian language, literature and history, although often under a false name, and in parallel with his teaching he carried out active revolutionary organizational activities.
In our country, however, Efrem Chuchkov is not sufficiently popularized, his name is absent from history textbooks, and there is no monument. In Sofia, a street bears his name, but when asked who he is, in a random survey, none of the respondents could answer.
In connection with the 100th anniversary of the death of the hero of Bulgaria Efrem Chuchkov, we appeal to you to take the necessary measures to implement the following initiatives:
resuming the announcement of Efrem Chuchkov's name during the military rituals for the solemn inspection-zarya for the fallen heroes of Bulgaria (as it was years ago), thus correcting an administrative omission dating back to the 1990s;
inclusion in Bulgarian history textbooks of information about the revolutionary work of Efrem Chuchkov;
implementation of media and information initiatives at the national level to raise public awareness about the revolutionary work of Efrem Chuchkov;
institutional support for the initiative to create and unveil a monument to Efrem Chuchkov in Sofia.
We attach a historical report on the life and work of Efrem Chuchkov, compiled by his direct descendant Yavor Chuchkov, a well-known Bulgarian journalist and translator.
With respect, on behalf of the Bulgarian National Commission for Military History and the participants in the solemn scientific conference:
Professor Dr., Colonel (retired) Dimitar Minchev, Chairman of the Bulgarian National Commission for Military History
Professor Dr. (Historical Sciences) Svetlozar Elderov, Scientific Secretary of the Bulgarian National Commission for Military History
Sofia, September 27, 2023
BIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCE ON THE LIFE AND WORK OF
THE BULGARIAN REVOLUTIONARY AND VOIVADE EFREM CHUCHKOV
Efrem Chuchkov, known as the “Practitioner of the Organization” and ”Gotse Delchev's Right Hand”, was one of the notable leaders of VMORO/VMRO until his death in 1923. He was also the famous voivode, who left some of the deepest traces in the consciousness and memory of the Bulgarians in Macedonia and led (on April 12, 1898) the first detachment of the Chetnik Institute of the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization, practically created by Gotse Delchev and Efrem Chuchkov.
At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, he sometimes stayed in Sofia, where (in the “Batenberg” hotel) volunteers from the territory of present-day Bulgaria, wishing to dedicate their lives to the cause of winning the freedom of Macedonia, took the oath before Chuchkov and his “dagger and revolver crucifixion”. During this period, Gotse Delchev and Efrem Chuchkov were the main drivers of the Organization's revolutionary activity.
Of extremely important importance, in addition to his agitation and combat actions as a voyvoda of a detachment in the interior of Macedonia, were also the activities coordinated and carried out by Efrem Chuchkov for organizing, preparing, manning, instructing and sending the detachments from the various border posts of the VMORO – mostly from the main distribution center Kyustendil, but also from other points, including for example Ladzhene (now a district of Velingrad) and sometimes from Dupnitsa. He also managed the secret channels for supplying the chetniks with weapons from Bulgaria. This round-the-clock coordination and organizational work of Chuchkov was then directed mainly in writing by Gotse Delchev in his capacity as the (de facto) first head of the Organization and its main representative abroad in Sofia.
The Turkish authorities declared Efrem Chuchkov the most feared Bulgarian commissar. Sometimes horse and gendarmerie camps surrounded entire towns and villages in Macedonia in order to capture or kill Efrem Chuchkov and his chetniks. Turkish military intelligence described him as “one of the greatest enemies of the Empire” and “the most wanted Bulgarian commissar in Macedonia”.
After the Young Turk coup in 1908, Efrem Chuchkov called the Young Turks' promises of reforms in the Ottoman Empire “a farce aimed at keeping Macedonia under Turkish slavery” and succeeded, in his capacity as head of the Skopje Revolutionary District, member of the Central Committee of the Organization and de facto head of the VMORO, in forbidding and preventing the dissolution of most of the Organization's units. Chuchkov's suspicions and expectations that the Young Turk regime's promises of granting autonomy and rights to the Bulgarian population of Macedonia would turn out to be a fraud were fully justified. Less than a year after the “reforms”, the ruling Young Turks resumed terror against the Bulgarians in Macedonia and the commission of mass arrests and murders. The "moderately conservative" core of the Organization, headed by Efrem Chuchkov (and later - by his younger fellow citizen and comrade Todor Aleksandrov), restored the illegal network of the VMORO and renewed the armed struggle.
In the Balkan War, with his detachment, already numbering several hundred people due to the inclusion of local volunteers, Efrem Chuchkov liberated Kochani, Shtip and the Shtip region from Ottoman slavery, defeating the Turks in a series of battles (including the Battle of Sultan Tepe) and capturing hundreds of Turkish soldiers. In October 1912, Chuchkov established an improvised form of Bulgarian power there. By simulating the presence of a Bulgarian army with his detachment and the volunteers who joined it, he managed to deceive the approaching Serbian army and stop its advance. Thus, thanks to him, Shtip remained Bulgarian for almost a year. During the Balkan War and the Inter-Allied War, he was the Bulgarian governor of Shtip and the Shtip district. Chuchkov held this position during the First World War - after the defeat of Serbia and the temporary liberation of Vardar Macedonia, and was also appointed by the Bulgarian authorities as chairman of the District Standing Commission in Shtip.
Later, after another crushing national catastrophe as a result of the First World War, Efrem Chuchkov, as the second authoritative figure in the VMRO after its leader Todor Aleksandrov, was among the most active figures who restored the Organization. Although his youth had passed, Chuchkov refused offers in Sofia from the Minister of Internal Affairs Alexander Dimitrov for a clerical position in the State Commission for Refugees and continued the path of illegal struggle in the mountains of the re-occupied Vardar Macedonia, which had been transformed into Southern Serbia.
Along with his tours to strengthen the illegal network in occupied Macedonia, in the period 1919 - 1923 Efrem Chuchkov once again acted at the border posts (mainly in the main distribution center - Kyustendil) as a coordinator, organizer and instructor of the detachments entering Macedonia from Bulgaria. In parallel with his revolutionary activities in Macedonia, he was also chairman of the Committee for Assistance to Refugees in Kyustendil. His combat actions against numerous units of the regular Serbian army, however, were inevitably doomed. In the end, Efrem Chuchkov's detachment was defeated after a series of unequal battles (in 1922 alone he fought seven battles with Serbian military units in Maleshevo and Kochani). Seriously ill as a result of his wounds and the hardships of life underground, Efrem Chuchkov died in the Red Cross Hospital in Sofia on October 1, 1923.
As a practical revolutionary, dedicated to clandestine activity and known for his proverbial modesty, Efrem Chuchkov shied away from politics, parties, "partisan" struggles and "the spotlight". In their memoirs, his contemporaries called him a "colossus of the revolutionary cause", a "legendary commander, one of the notable leaders of the VMORO/IMRO", an "unwavering defender of the founding principles of the Organization, who kept his name untarnished", an "organizer of combat activity and instructor of the detachments", and the "most active worker of the Organization". A Bulgarian martyr who dedicated over 30 years of his total 52-year life to the holy cause of the liberation of Macedonia and its unification with Bulgaria.
(For more information, see the report on Efrem Chuchkov, presented at the Jubilee Scientific Conference (19.IX.2022, Sofia, Central Military Club) on the occasion of the 110th anniversary of the Balkan War.)